Aluminium (Al) isimbi chena yakareruka, yakaita sesirivha, iri panzvimbo yechitatu inowanikwa zvakanyanya muvhu rePasi, ichitevera okisijeni nesilicon chete. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekushanda kwayo nemakemikoro akawanda, haimboitiki zvakasikwa muchimiro chayo chesimbi chaiyo. Pane kudaro, inowanikwa mumakomponi, kunyanya mukati mebauxite ore, musanganiswa wema hydrated aluminum oxides anosanganisira gibbsite (Al(OH)₃), boehmite (AlO(OH)), uye diaspore.
Maitiro Ekunatsa Mumatanho Maviri
Rwendo kubva kubhauxite isina kubikwa kuenda kuaruminiyamu yakanatswa zvakanyanya inosanganisiramaitiro maviri akasiyana emaindasitiri.
Danho rekutanga iBayer process, yakagadzirwa muna 1888. Bauxite yakapwanywa inosanganiswa ne sodium hydroxide solution inopisa pasi pekumanikidzwa, ichinyungudutsa minerals dzine aruminiyamu ukuwo tsvina yakaita se iron oxides ne silica. Sodium aluminate solution inozoseferwa kuti ibvise tsvina yevhu dzvuku, yodyarwa ne aruminiyamu hydroxide crystals, uye yoiswa calcium pa 1,100°C kuti igadzire alumina chena chaiyo, kana aruminiyamu oxide (Al₂O₃). Anopfuura 90% yealumina yepasi rose ikozvino inogadzirwa nenzira iyi.
Danho rechipiri iHall Héroult process. Alumina ine poindi yekunyunguduka iri pamusoro pe2,000°C, zvichiita kuti electrolysis yakananga isashande. Mhinduro yacho iri mukunyungudutsa Al₂O₃ mu molten cryolite (Na₃AlF₆), iyo inoderedza tembiricha yekushanda kusvika pa950~1,000°C. Magetsi anozopfuudzwa nemusanganiswa. Aluminum yakanyungudutswa inoungana pasi (cathode), nepo oxygen ichibatana necarbon anodes kuumba CO₂. Iyi nzira ye electrolytic inoramba iriyo yega nzira yekugadzira aluminum yekutanga, ichiburitsa simbi ine 99.5~99.8% kuchena.
Ndezvipi zvinhu zviri muAruminiyamu?
Aruminiyamu yakachena pachayo inoumbwa nechinhu chinonzi Al chete, ine nhamba yeatomu ye13 uye huremu hweatomu hunosvika 26.98 g/mol. Aruminiyamu yekutengeserana yakachena (98.8–99.7% Al) ine zvisaririra zvidiki zvesimbi nesilicon setsvina yechisikigo. Zvisinei, mazhinji acho ane tsvina.mashandisirwo anoshandiswa anoshandiswa pakushandisa aruminiyamu, uko zvinhu zvakati zvinowedzerwa nemaune kuti zvigadzire hunhu hwemakanika.
Pakushandisa zvivakwa, 6000 series (semuenzaniso, 6061) inoshandisa magnesium nesilicon sezvinhu zvayo zvikuru zvekubatanidza, zvinowanzova 0.8~1.2% Mg uye 0.400~.8% Si. Iyi alloy inopa kuenzana kwakanaka kwesimba riri pakati nepakati, kugona kusanganisa zvakanaka, uye kugona kugadzira zvinhu zviri nani.
Pakuda simba guru, 7000 series (semuenzaniso, 7075) inosanganisira zinc nemhangura sezvinhu zvikuru zve alloying, ine inenge 5.16 ~ .1% Zn uye 1.2 ~ 2.0% Cu. Temperature yeT6 ye7075 inopa simba rekudhonza kaviri kupfuura 6061-T6, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chinosarudzwa chekushandisa mundege uye zvikamu zvekuvaka zvinoshanda zvakanyanya.
Huwandu hushoma hwe chromium, manganese, uye titanium hunowanikwawo mu alloys dzekutengesa, imwe neimwe ichiita basa mukunatswa kwezviyo uye kuramba ngura. Kunzwisisa kuumbwa kwakanyatsojeka kwe alloy yega yega kwakakosha pakusarudza chinhu chakakodzera zvinodiwa pakugadzira kana kugadzira.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-13-2026